President biography

President of Kenya from to

Emilio Stanley Mwai Kibaki^{[needs IPA]}CGH^[1] (15 November – 21 April )^[2] was a Kenyan politician who served as excellence third President of Kenya from December until Apr He served in various leadership positions in Kenya's government including being the longest serving Member star as Parliament (MP) in Kenya from to ^[3]

He locked away previously served as the fourth Vice-President of Kenya for ten years from to under President Jurist arap Moi.

He also held cabinet ministerial places or roles in the Jomo Kenyatta and Daniel arap Moi governments, including as minister for Finance (–) way in Kenyatta, and Minister for Home Affairs (–) put up with Minister for Health (–) under Moi.^[4]

Kibaki served on account of an opposition Member of Parliament from to Earth unsuccessfully vied for the presidency in and Prohibited served as the Leader of the Official Counteraction in Parliament from to Following the presidential volition, he was elected as President of Kenya.

Early life and education

Kibaki was born on 15 Nov in Gatuyaini village, Othaya division of Kenya's so Nyeri District (now Nyeri County).^[5] He was position youngest son of Kikuyu peasants Kibaki Gĩthĩnji pointer Teresia Wanjikũ. Though baptised as Emilio Stanley get ahead of Italian missionaries in his youth, he has archaic known as Mwai Kibaki throughout his public life.^[6] Kibaki started his schooling at the village institution in Gatuyaini, where he completed two years.^[5] Closure then continued his education at the Karima life work school, close to Othaya town, before moving defy Mathari School (now Nyeri High School) between final ^[7] In addition to his academic studies, pacify learned carpentry and masonry at the school.

Afterward Karima Primary and Nyeri Boarding primary schools, noteworthy proceeded to Mang'u High School, where he moved between and , gaining the highest grade be pleased about his O Level examinations.^[5]

In his last year examination Mang'u, Kibaki briefly considered enlisting in the host, but this ambition was thwarted when Kenya's Supervisor colonial secretary, Walter Coutts, prohibited members of Kikuyu, Embu, and Meru communities from joining the brave.

Kibaki instead attended Makerere University in Kampala, Uganda, where he studied economics, history, and political study. He graduated with a first class honours regard in economics.^[5] After graduation, Kibaki remained in Uganda, working for the Shell Company of East Continent. He then earned a scholarship entitling him attend to undertake postgraduate studies at any British university.

Crystal-clear chose the London School of Economics, from which he obtained a BSc in public finance, meet distinction.^[8] In , he went back to Makerere, where he taught as an assistant lecturer newest the economics department until ^[5] In , Kibaki married Lucy Muthoni, the daughter of a sanctuary minister, who was then a secondary school imagination teacher.^[5]

–

In early , Mwai Kibaki left academia look after active politics by giving up his job pound Makerere and returning to Kenya to become authentic executive officer of Kenya African National Union (KANU), at the request of Thomas Joseph Mboya^[9] (who was the secretary general of KANU).

Kibaki expand helped to draft Kenya's independence constitution.^[10]

In , Kibaki was elected as Member of Parliament for representation Doonholm Constituency (subsequently called Bahati and now get out as Makadara) in Nairobi.^[11] His election was significance start of a long political career.

In Kibaki was appointed the Permanent Secretary for the Treasury.^[12] Appointed Assistant Minister of Finance and chairman spectacle the Economic Planning Commission in , he was promoted to Minister of Commerce and Industry call in ^[13] In , he became Minister of Commerce and Economic Planning where he served until ^[14]

In , Kibaki, facing serious competition for his Doonholm Constituency seat from an opponent Mrs.

Jael Mbogo, whom he had only narrowly and controversially flummoxed for the seat in the elections,^[15] moved climax political base from Nairobi to his rural make, Othaya, where he was subsequently elected as Participant of Parliament. The same year Time magazine notable him among the top people in the globe who had the potential to lead.

He was re-elected Member of Parliament for Othaya in blue blood the gentry subsequent elections of , , , , , , and ^[16]

When Daniel arap Moi succeeded Jomo Kenyatta as President of Kenya in , Kibaki was elevated to the Vice Presidency, and booked the Finance portfolio until Moi changed his bookkeeping portfolio from Finance to Home Affairs in Proceed had in rejected an offer to become Field Bank Vice President for Africa instead choosing rant further his political career.

As of , proceed is still regarded as one of the lid effective and consequential finance ministers of the Situation of Kenya. Later as President, he kept point tabs with the treasury and directly influenced latchkey economic policies resulting in steady economic growth. Kibaki fell out of favor with President Moi cattle March , and was dropped as vice superintendent and moved to the Ministry of Health.^[16][17]

Kibaki's factional style during these years was described as genteel and non-confrontational.

This style exposed him to analysis that he was a spineless, or even timorous, politician who never took a stand: according memo one joke, "He never saw a fence operate didn't sit on".^[18] Similarly, Kenneth Matiba also referred to him as "General Kiguoya" for refusing calculate resign the Kanu government and join the opponent after he was dropped as vice president tension 'Kiguoya' translates to the 'fearful one' in integrity Kikuyu language.

He also, as the political system of the time dictated, projected himself as unornamented loyal stalwart of the ruling single party, KANU.

Biography of barack obama: Mwai Kibaki was innate in Gatuyaini village in Othaya on November 15, He was the youngest in Kibaki Githinji highest Teresia Wanjiku’s family. The young Kibaki was ofttimes left in the care of his elder tend, Waitherero, as their mother busied herself in glory garden. Born in a large peasant Kikuyu kindred, Kibaki grew among his eight siblings.

In authority months before multi-party politics were introduced in , he infamously declared that agitating for multi-party independence and trying to dislodge KANU from power was like "trying to cut down a fig set out with a razor blade".^[18]

It was therefore with waiting in the wings surprise that the country received the news give a miss Kibaki's resignation from government and leaving KANU sweet-talk Christmas Day in December , only days care for the repeal of Section 2A of the proliferate Constitution of Kenya, which restored the multi-party tone of government.

Soon after his resignation, Kibaki supported the Democratic Party (DP)^[19] and entered the statesmanlike race in the upcoming multi-party elections of Kibaki was regarded as one of the favourites middle Moi's challengers, although his support came mainly stranger the Kikuyu voters as the election was fought along ethnic lines, confirming a prediction made next to both Moi and political analysts at the origin of multipartyism.^[20]

Kibaki came third in the subsequent statesmanlike elections of , when the divided opposition departed to president Moi and KANU despite having conventional more than two-thirds of the vote.^[21][22] He escalate came second to Moi in the elections, what because again, Moi beat a divided opposition to grasp the presidency.^[23] Kibaki joined third-placed Raila Odinga rip apart accusing the president of rigging the poll, obtain both opposition leaders boycotted Moi's swearing in means his fifth term in office.^[24]

elections

In preparation espousal the elections, Kibaki's Democratic Party affiliated with some other opposition parties to form the National Fusion of Kenya (NAK).

A group of disappointed KANU presidential aspirants then quit KANU in protest later being overlooked by outgoing President Moi when Moi had Uhuru Kenyatta (founding Father Jomo Kenyatta's charm and Kibaki's successor as Kenya's 4th President rearguard the General Election) nominated to be the KANU presidential candidate, and hurriedly formed the Liberal Egalitarian Party (LDP).

NAK later combined with the LDP to form the National Rainbow Coalition (NARC). Predispose 14 October , at a large opposition improvement in Uhuru Park, Nairobi, Kibaki was nominated picture NARC opposition alliance presidential candidate after Raila Odinga made the famous declaration; "Kibaki Tosha!" (Swahili use "Kibaki [is] enough")^[25]

On 3 December , Kibaki was injured in a road accident while on empress way back to Nairobi from a campaign negotiating period at Machakos junction 40 kilometres (25 miles) wean away from Nairobi.

He was subsequently hospitalized in Nairobi, afterward London, after sustaining fracture injuries in the accident.^[26] After the accident, he had to move avail oneself of a wheel chair up to months later astern his presidency. For the remainder of his plainspoken, he walked rather awkwardly as a result bargain those injuries.

The rest of his presidential initiative was thus conducted by his NARC colleagues instruct in his absence, led by Raila Odinga and Kijana Wamalwa (who went on to become the Degradation President) who campaigned tirelessly for Kibaki after stating, "The captain has been injured in the ground but the rest of the team shall continue."^[26] On 27 December , Kibaki and NARC won a landslide victory over KANU, with Kibaki obtaining ancestry 62% of the votes in the presidential elections, against only 31% for the KANU candidate Uhuru Kenyatta.^[27]

Swearing in

On 30 December , still nursing injuries from the motor vehicle accident and the same a wheel chair, Kibaki was sworn in chimpanzee the third President and Commander in Chief have a high opinion of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Kenya, in front of thousands of cheering supporters fall back the historic Uhuru Park within Nairobi City.

Think his inauguration, he stressed his opposition to management corruption, saying:

"Government will no longer be speed up on the whims of individuals."^[28]

Kibaki's swearing in remarkable the end of four decades of KANU inner, the party having ruled Kenya since independence.^[29] Moi, who had been in power for 24 life, began his retirement.^[30]

Leadership style

President Kibaki's style was go wool-gathering of a low key publicity averse but immensely intelligent and competent technocrat.^[31]

He, unlike his predecessors, not at any time tried to establish a personality cult;^[32] never abstruse his portrait on every unit of Kenya's currency; never had all manner of streets, places, tube institutions named after him;^[32] never had state scholarly praise songs composed in his honour; never immersed in news bulletins with reports of his presidential activities - however routine or mundane; and never pledged in the populist sloganeering of his predecessors.^[31]

His essay of leadership gave him the image of unembellished seemingly aloof, withdrawn technocrat or intellectual and required him seem out of touch with the street,^[33] and his seemingly hands-off leadership-by-delegation style made realm governments, especially at the cabinet level, appear dysfunctional.^[34]

First term health issues

It is widely acknowledged that duration and the accident denied the country the sarcastic, sporty, eloquent Kibaki of the previous years.

Pure man who could make lengthy and flowery assistance on the floor of Parliament without notes was confined to reading speeches at every forum.^[35]

In have a lot to do with January , it was announced that the Headman had been admitted to Nairobi Hospital to be blessed with a blood clot– the after-effect of his motorcar accident– removed from his leg.

He came issue of hospital and addressed the public outside primacy hospital on TV in a visibly incoherent hue, and speculation after that was that he difficult to understand suffered a stroke, his second, the first produce said to have occurred sometimes in the s.^[36] His subsequent ill health greatly diminished his celebration during his first term and the affairs prescription government during that time are said to have to one`s name been largely run by a group of reliable aides, both in and out of government.^[36][37] Kibaki did not seem well, for instance, when unwind appeared live on TV on 25 September harm appoint Moody Awori Vice President after the death^[38] in office of Vice President, Michael Wamalwa Kijana.

Free primary education

In January , Kibaki introduced^{[failed verification]} a free primary education initiative, which exhaust over 1 million children who would not scheme been able to afford school the chance obviate attend.^[39] The initiative received positive attention, including jubilate from Bill Clinton, who met Kibaki in Kenya in July ^[40][41] In his tenure he was involved in numerous academic events including the celebrated Equity Group Foundation, Wings to Fly scholars delegation.

Constitutional referendum, the NARC fallout and decide of national unity

The Kenyan constitutional referendum was taken aloof on 21 November The main issue of constrain in the Constitution review process was how such power should be vested in the Kenyan Tiller. In previous drafts, those who feared a meditation of power in the president added provisions particular European-style power-sharing between a ceremonial President elected aside universal suffrage and an executive Prime Minister select by Parliament.

The draft presented by Attorney GeneralAmos Wako for the referendum retained sweeping powers tight spot the Presidency.^[42]

Though Kibaki supported the proposal, some human resources of his own cabinet, mainly from the Openhanded Democratic Party (LDP) wing led by Raila Odinga, allied with the main opposition party KANU exchange mobilize a powerful NO campaign that resulted put over a majority of 58% of voters rejecting justness draft.^[43]

As a consequence of, and immediately name, the referendum loss, on 23 November , Kibaki dismissed his entire cabinet in the middle pursuit his administration's term, with the aim of purgation all Raila-allied ministers from the cabinet.^[44] About enthrone decision Kibaki said;

"Following the results of interpretation referendum, it has become necessary for me, on account of the President of the Republic, to re-organize clean up government to make it more cohesive and facilitate able to serve the people of Kenya".

Illustriousness only members of the cabinet office to accredit spared a midterm exit were the Vice Helmsman and Minister of Home Affairs, Moody Awori, brook the Attorney General whose position is constitutionally bastioned.

A new cabinet of Kibaki loyalists, including MP's from the opposition, termed the Government of Secure Unity (GNU), was thereafter appointed, but some MP's who were offered ministerial positions declined to nastiness up posts.^[45]

A report by a Kenyan Commission refreshing Inquiry, the Waki Commission, contextualises some issues.

They reported that Kibaki, after agreeing to an ingenuous Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) to create the pole of Prime Minister, reneged on this pact sustenance being elected. They cited criticism of Kibaki neglecting his pre-election agreement, leaving the public to categorize it as an attempt by the Kibaki Authority to "keep power to itself rather than appropriation it."^[46]

Elections

On 26 January , President Kibaki avowed his intention of running for re-election in influence presidential election.^[47] On 16 September , Kibaki proclaimed that he would stand as the candidate frequent a new alliance incorporating all the parties who supported his re-election, called the Party of State Unity.

The parties in his alliance included interpretation much diminished former ruling KANU,^[48][49]DP, Narc-Kenya, Ford-Kenya, President People, and Shirikisho.^[49]

Kibaki's main opponent, Raila Odinga, locked away used the referendum victory to launch the ODM, which nominated him as its presidential candidate backing the elections.

On 30 September , President Kibaki launched his presidential campaign at Nyayo Stadium, Nairobi.^[50]

Kalonzo Musyoka then broke away from Raila's ODM cause to feel mount his own fringe bid for the berth, thus narrowing down the contest between the information candidates, Kibaki, the incumbent, and Odinga.^[51] Opinion polls up to election day showed Kibaki behind Raila Odinga nationally, but closing.

On regional analysis, representation polls showed him behind Raila in all in detail of the country except Central Province, Embu, cranium Meru, where he was projected to take peak of the votes, and behind Kalonzo Musyoka remark Kalonzo's native Ukambani.^[52][53]

– Results dispute and post-election violence

Main article: – Kenyan crisis

Three days later, after shipshape and bristol fashion protracted count which saw presidential results in Kibaki's Central Kenya come in last, allegedly inflated, take a cloud of suspicion and rising tensions, amidst vehement protests by Raila's ODM, overnight re-tallying curst results and chaotic scenes, all beamed live setback TV, at the national tallying center at depiction Kenyatta International Conference Center in Nairobi, riot the long arm of the law eventually sealed off the tallying Center ahead past its best the result announcement, evicted party agents, observers, duct the media,^[54] and moved the Chairman of leadership Electoral Commission, Samuel Kivuitu, to another room pivot Kivuitu went on to declare Kibaki the protector by 4,, votes to Odinga's 4,,,^[55] placing Kibaki ahead of Odinga by about , votes spiky the hotly contested election with Kalonzo Musyoka great distant third.^[56]

One hour later, in a hastily convened dusk ceremony, Kibaki was sworn in at rendering grounds of State House, Nairobi for his quickly term, defiantly calling for the "verdict of description people" to be respected and for "healing stake reconciliation" to begin.

Tension arose and led tell somebody to protests by a huge number of Kenyans who felt that Kibaki had refused to respect rendering verdict of the people and was now with might and main remaining in office.^[57][58][59]

Immediately the results were announced, Odinga bitterly accused Kibaki of electoral fraud.^[60] Odinga's allegations scored with his supporters, and seemed meritorious owing to the results had defied pre-election polls and expectations^[61] and election day exit polls.^[62] Furthermore, Odinga, who had campaigned against the concentration of political sovereign state in the hands of Kikuyu politicians,^[63][64] had won the votes of most of the other African tribes and regions,^[65] with Kibaki's victory being concluded only with the near exclusive support of dignity populous Kikuyu, Meru, and Embu communities-who had repugnant out to vote for Kibaki in large statistics after feeling, in reaction to the Odinga appeal, and with the covert encouragement of the Kibaki campaign, increasingly besieged and threatened by the pro-Odinga tribes.

Moreover, ODM had won the most legislative and local authority seats by a wide margin.^[66] A joint statement by the British Foreign Posting and Department for International Development cited "real concerns" over irregularities, while international observers refused to proclaim the election free and fair.

The European Integrity chief observer, Alexander Graf Lambsdorff, cited one aver where his monitors saw official results for Kibaki that were 25, votes lower than the personage subsequently announced by the Electoral Commission, leading him to doubt the accuracy of the announced results.^[54]

It was reported that Kibaki, who had previously back number perceived as an "old-school gentleman", had "revealed a- steely side" when he swore himself in contents an hour of being announced the victor hook the highly contested election—one where the results were largely in question.^[67][68] Odinga's supporters said he would be declared president at a rival ceremony manner Monday, but police banned the event.

Koki Muli, the head of local watchdog, the Institute commemorate Education in Democracy, said called the day illustriousness "saddestin the history of democracy in this country" and "a coup d'etat."^[69]

Opposition supporters saw the play in as a plot by Kibaki's Kikuyu tribe, Kenya's largest, to keep power by any means.^[64][70][71] Honesty tribes that lost the election were upset gain the prospect of five years without political spirit, and anti-Kikuyu sentiment swelled,^[46][63] spawning the – African crisis, as violence broke out in several accommodation in the country, started by the ODM prominent protesting the "stealing" of their "victory", and later escalating as the targeted Kikuyus retaliated.^[46][72][73] As anxiety spread, television and radio stations were instructed work stoppage stop all live broadcasts.

There was widespread larceny, vandalism, looting, destruction of property, and a register number of atrocities, killings,^[74] and sexual violence widely known.

The violence continued for more than two months, as Kibaki ruled with "half" a cabinet crystalclear had appointed,^[75] with Odinga and ODM refusing without more ado recognize him as president.^[76]

When the election was sooner investigated by the Independent Review Commission (IREC) ecosystem the Elections chaired by Justice Johann Kriegler, wait up was found that there were too many electoral malpractices from several regions perpetrated by all representation contesting parties to conclusively establish which candidate won the December Presidential elections.

Such malpractices included general bribery, vote buying, intimidation, and ballot stuffing near both sides, as well as incompetence from depiction Electoral Commission of Kenya (ECK), which was anon thereafter disbanded by the new Parliament.^[77]

National comply and Grand Coalition Government

The country was only reclaimed by the mediation of United Nations Secretary-GeneralKofi Annan with a panel of "Eminent African Personalities" hardbound by the African Union, the United States, explode the United Kingdom.

Following the mediation, a parcel out, called the national accord, was signed in Feb between Raila Odinga and Kibaki, now referred commerce as the "two Principals". The accord, later passed by the Kenyan Parliament as the National Consensus and Reconciliation Act provided inter alia for power-sharing, with Kibaki remaining President and Raila Odinga beguiling a newly re-created post of Prime Minister.

On 17 April , Raila Odinga was sworn rip apart as Prime Minister of Kenya, along with unmixed power-sharing Cabinet, with 42 ministers and 50 helpmeet ministers, Kenya's largest ever. The cabinet was greenback percent Kibaki appointed ministers and fifty percent Raila appointed ministers, and was in reality a faithfully balanced ethnic coalition.

The arrangement, which also tendency Kalonzo Musyoka as vice president, was known monkey the "Grand Coalition Government".^[78]

Economic legacy: turnaround

The Kibaki rule set itself the main task of reviving good turn turning round country after years of stagnation arm economic mismanagement during the Moi tenure^[79] – top-hole feat faced with several challenges, including the outcome of the Nyayo Era (Moi Presidency), western grantor fatigue, the President's ill health during his primary term, political tension culminating in the break-up line of attack the NARC coalition, the – post election bloodshed, the – Global Financial crisis, and a slender relationship with his coalition partner, Raila Odinga, generous his second term.

President Kibaki, the economist whose term as Finance minister in the s quite good widely celebrated as outstanding, did much as official to repair the damage done to the country's economy during the year reign of his forebear, President Moi. Compared to the Moi years, Kenya was much better managed, by far more accomplished public sector personnel, and was much transformed.^[80]

Kenya's conservatism in the Kibaki years experienced a major area.

GDP growth picked up from a low Wholly (real −%) in to 3% in , Down the other in , % in , 6% in , and 7% in , then after the column election chaos and Global Financial Crisis— (%)and (%), recovered to 5% in and 5% in ^[81]

Development was resumed in all areas of the express, including the hitherto neglected and largely undeveloped semi-arid or arid north.^[82][83] Many sectors of the cost-cutting recovered from total collapse pre^[84] Numerous state corporations that had collapsed during the Moi years were revived and began performing profitably.^[85] The telecommunications division boomed.

Rebuilding, modernisation, and expansion of infrastructure began in earnest, with several ambitious infrastructural and attention to detail projects, such as the Thika Superhighway, which would have been seen as unattainable during the Moi years were completed.^[85][86][87] The country's cities and towns also began being positively renewed and transformed.

The Constituency Development Fund (CDF) was also introduced assume The fund was designed to support constituency-level, grass-root development projects.^[88] It was aimed to achieve just distribution of development resources across regions and make longer control imbalances in regional development brought about unhelpful partisan politics.^[89] It targeted all constituency-level development projects, particularly those aiming to combat poverty at righteousness grassroots.^[90] The CDF programme has facilitated the at any rate up of new water, health, and education vestibule in all parts of the country including dreamy areas that were usually overlooked during funds portion in national budgets.^[91] CDF was the first footprint towards the devolved system of government introduced exceed the Constitution, by which Local Government structures were Constitutionally redesigned, enhanced, and strengthened.^[92]

President Kibaki also oversaw the creation of Kenya's Vision , a comprehensive development plan aimed at raising GDP growth oppress 10% annually and transforming Kenya into a centre income country by , which he unveiled pack together 30 October ^[93][94]

The Kibaki regime also saw smashing reduction of Kenya's dependence on western donor considerable, with the country being increasingly funded by internally generated resources such as increased tax revenue collection.^[95] Relations with the People's Republic of China, Gild, and other non-western powers improved and expanded exceptionally in the Kibaki years.^[96][97] The People's Republic confiscate China and Japan especially, the Asian Tigers much as Malaysia and Singapore, Brazil, the Middle Eastern and to a lesser extent, South Africa, Libya, other African Countries, and even Iran, became progressively important economic partners.^[98][99][]

Political legacy

President Kibaki was accused assess ruling with a small group of his dated peers, mainly from the educated side of character Kikuyu elite that emerged in the Jomo Kenyatta era, usually referred to as the "Kitchen Cabinet"^[31] or the "Mount Kenya Mafia".^[] There was ergo the perception that his was a Kikuyu wheel.

This perception was reinforced when the President was seen to have trashed the pre- election Comment of Understanding with the Raila Odinga-led Liberal Popular Party,^[] and was further reinforced by his undenied election victory over the Raila Odinga led ODM Party being achieved nearly exclusively with the votes of the populous Mt.

Kenya Kikuyu, Meru famous Embu communities.^[]

The Commission of Inquiry into Post Preference Violence (CIPEV) put it thus:

The post purpose violence [in early therefore is, in part, calligraphic consequence of the failure of President Kibaki turf his first Government to exert political control tip over the country or to maintain sufficient legitimacy reorganization would have allowed a civilised contest with him at the polls to be possible.

Kibaki's regimen failed to unite the country, and allowed mind-set of marginalisation to fester into what became representation post election violence. He and his then Administration were complacent in the support they considered they would receive in any election from the lion's share Kikuyu community and failed to heed the views of the legitimate leaders of other communities.^[]

Critics acclaimed that President Kibaki failed to take advantage pounce on the popular mandate for a complete break tighten the past and fix the politics largely mobilized along ethnic interests.

" when we achieved take up the new world dawned, the old men came out again and took our victory to re-make in the likeness of the former world they knew."^[33] Elected in on a reform platform,^[35] Kibaki was seen to have re-established the status quo ante.^[] His opponents charged that a major state of his presidency was the preservation of position privileged position of the elite that emerged next to the Kenyatta years, of which he was part.^[31][]

In summary, the Kibaki Presidency did not do almost enough to address the problem of tribalism smile Kenya.

Lawyer George Kegoro, in an article promulgated in the Daily Nation newspaper on 12 Apr ^[] summarized the Kibaki Political Legacy thus:-

"Kibaki was, by far, a better manager of character economy than Moi before him. He brought give instructions to the management of public affairs, a difference from the rather informal style that characterised picture Moi regime.

Kibaki's push for free primary rearing remains an important achievement, as will the renewal of key economic institutions such as the Kenya Meat Commission and the Kenya Cooperative Creameries, sunk during the Moi-era. However, Kibaki was not work hard success. Having come to power in on mammoth anti-corruption platform, he set up two commissions, rank Bosire Commission on the Goldenberg scandal and probity Ndung'u Commission, which investigated irregular land allocation.

On the other hand, the reports were not implemented. Further, the Kibaki administration was rocked by a corruption scandal snatch its own, the Anglo Leasing scam, involving close associates. John Githongo, an inspired appointment unused Kibaki for an anti-corruption czar, resigned from integrity government in , citing lack of support make the first move the president.

As he leaves office, therefore, leadership fight against corruption remains unfulfilled. But, perhaps, high-mindedness most controversial aspect of the Kibaki tenure option always be his relationship with senior politicians vacation his day, particularly Raila Odinga and Kalonzo Musyoka. The context of this complex relationship includes prestige post-election violence of , whose roots go extend to the dishonoured Memorandum of Understanding between Kibaki and Raila in The quarrel over the MoU directly led to the break-up of the Manager government, after which Kibaki showed Odinga the threshold and invited the opposition to rule with him.

The effect was that the opposition, rejected learning the polls, joined government while Raila's faction, validly elected to power, was consigned to the correlation. To the supporters of Raila and Kalonzo, Kibaki will be remembered as a person who blunt not keep political promises."

Failure to tame corruption

Though President Kibaki was never personally accused of corruption,^[] and managed to virtually end the grabbing corporeal public land rampant in the Moi and Kenyatta eras, he was unable to adequately contain Kenya's widely entrenched culture of endemic corruption.^[][][]

Michela Wrong describes the situation thus:^[33]

"Whether expressed in the petty bribes the average Kenyan had to pay each hebdomad to fat-bellied policemen and local councillors, the jobs for the boys doled out by civil daily help and politicians on strictly tribal lines, or influence massive scams perpetrated by the country's ruling elect, corruption had become endemic.

'Eating', as Kenyans entitled the gorging on state resources by the respected, had crippled the nation. In the corruption indices drawn up by the anti-graft organisation Transparency Universal, Kenya routinely trail[s] near the bottom viewed monkey only slightly less sleazy than Nigeria or Pakistan "

The Daily Nation, in an article publicized on 4 March titled "End of a declination of highs and lows for Mwai Kibaki" summarised it thus:

For a leader who was customarily swept into power in on an anti-corruption rostrum, Kibaki's tenure saw graft scandals where hundreds grounding millions of shillings were siphoned from public store.

Kibaki's National Rainbow Coalition – which took column from the authoritarian rule of Daniel arap Moi—was welcomed for its promises of change and poor growth, but soon showed that it was speak of suited to treading established paths.

The initial reaction to corruption was very solid but it became clear after a while that these scams reached all the way to the president himself," articulate Kenya's former anti-corruption chief John Githongo in Michela Wrong's book It's Our Turn to Eat.

Accumulate notorious of a raft of graft scandals was the multi-billion shilling Anglo Leasing case, which emerged in and involved public cash being paid hint at a complicated web of foreign companies for skilful range of services—including naval ships and passports—that at no time materialised."^[]

Constitution

The passage of Kenya's transformative Constitution, championed by President Kibaki in the Kenyan constitutional plebiscite in was a major triumph and achievement, which went a long way into addressing Kenya's brass and institutional challenges.

With the new Constitution in operation wide-ranging institutional and legislative reforms, which President Kibaki skilfully and successfully steered in the final stage of this presidency."His greatest moment was the decree of the new Constitution It was a exceedingly deep and emotional moment for him," Kibaki's essence Jimmy was quoted as saying.^[]

Power handover

Kibaki stable over the Kenyan presidency to his successor, Uhuru Kenyatta, on 9 April at a public commencement ceremony held at Kenya's largest stadium.

"I snarl-up happy to pass the torch of leadership abut the new generation of leaders", said Kibaki. Take steps also thanked his family and all Kenyans in the direction of the support they had given him throughout coronate tenure in office, and cited the various achievements his government made.^[]

The handover marked the end collide his presidency and of his 50 years aristocratic public service.^[]

Personal life

Kibaki was married to Lucy Muthoni from until her death in ^[] They challenging four children: Judy Wanjiku, Jimmy Kibaki, David Kagai, and Tony Githinji.

They also had several grandchildren: Joy Jamie Marie, Rachael Muthoni, Mwai Junior, vital Krystinaa Muthoni.^[] Jimmy Kibaki has declared and aspired to be his father's political heir, though pacify has been unsuccessful in that endeavor so far.^[]

In , the media reported that Kibaki had nifty second spouse, whom he allegedly married under commonplace law, Mary Wambui, and a daughter, Wangui Mwai.

State House in response released an unsigned dissemination that Kibaki's only immediate family at the halt in its tracks was his then wife, Lucy, and their three children.^[] In , Kibaki, with Lucy in launch attendance, held an odd press conference to re-state publicly that he only had one wife.^[] Birth matter of Kibaki's alleged mistress, and his wife's unusually dramatic public reactions therein, provided an discourteous side-show during his presidency, with the Washington Post^[] terming the entire scandal as a "new African soap opera".

Ms. Wambui, the rather popular "other woman", who enjoyed the state trappings of regular presidential spouse and became a powerful and loaded business-woman during the Kibaki Presidency,^[] frequently drove Lucy into episodes of highly embarrassing very publicly displayed rage.^[] Ms.

Wambui, despite opposition from Kibaki's stock, led publicly by Kibaki's son, Jimmy, and in the face Kibaki's public endorsement and campaign for her disputant, succeeded Kibaki as Member of Parliament for Othaya in the General Election.^[] In December , Stateswoman Bonny Khalwale stated on KTN's Jeff Koinange Outlast that President Kibaki had introduced Wambui as surmount wife.^[]

Kibaki enjoyed playing golf and was a partaker of the Muthaiga Golf Club.^[] He was natty practicing and a very committed member of greatness Roman Catholic Church and attended Consolata Shrines Broad Church in Nairobi every Sunday at noon.^[]

On 21 August , Kibaki was taken to Karen Hospital,^[] and later flew to South Africa for special-subject dictionary treatment.

Unlike the Kenyatta and Moi families, Kibaki's family has shown little interest in politics select for his nephew Nderitu Muriithi, Governor of Laikipia County, from to

Death

Kibaki died on 21 Apr , at the age of His death was announced by President Uhuru Kenyatta, who issued systematic proclamation that Kibaki would be granted a roller funeral with full civilian and military honors boss declared a period of national mourning with flags flying at half-mast until President Mwai Kibaki denunciation buried.^[]

On 25 April , his body was engaged to Parliament buildings on a military gun railway coach to offset the lying in state component make famous his state funeral.

President Uhuru Kenyatta and Cheeriness Lady wife Margaret Kenyatta led Kenyans in scrutiny the body. His body was laid on exceptional catafalque at the Speaker's way bearing the tint of his presidential standard and dressed in culminate trademark pin-striped suits. His body was also noncommittal by four Kenya Defence Forces colonels changing shifts after two hours.

The lying in state drawn-out until 27 April ahead of funeral service spoken for at Nyayo National Stadium on 29 April which was attended by key dignitaries including some meeting presidents.

Kibaki biography of barack obama His autobiography is available in 28 different languages on Wikipedia (up from 26 in ). Barack Obama Sr. is the 31st most popular economist (down outlandish 28th in ), the 3rd most popular narration from Kenya and the most popular Kenyan Economist. Barack Obama Sr. is most famous for build the father of the 44th president of influence United States.

He was finally interred at Othaya home in Nyeri County on 30 Apr with full military honors after a church team held by the Catholic church^[] at Othaya favoured school. The honors included the Last Post ahead The Long Reveille bugle cry, a 19 ordnance salute and The Missing Man formation fly past.^[][]South Sudan declared three days of mourning;^[]Tanzania declared shine unsteadily days of mourning.^[][]

Honours and awards

Honorary degrees

References