Tughlaq meaning

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    • After the death of Genghis Khan , one line of his descendants, the Chagatai Khanate , ruled over Turkistan and Transoxiana and another branch of Hulagu Khan conquered present day Iran and Iraq. Main article: Tomb of Shah Rukn-e-Alam. Muhammad bin Tughluq had an interest in medicine. Turkic Languages. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

    Metropolitan Museum Cleveland Museum of Art. EMBED for wordpress. The Sultan responded with bitterness by expanding arrests, torture and mass punishments, killing people as if he was "cutting down weeds". Retrieved 25 August OCLC Tools Tools. According to Ferishta, when the Mongols arrived in Punjab, the Sultan returned the elite back to Delhi, although Daulatabad remained as an administrative centre.

    ISSN Sign up Log in. The pinnacle was planted at the apex of the Tughluq dome. Oxford University Press. It is so called because of the distinctive sloping walls which give an impression that the palace is swaying from side to side.

    Muhammad bin Tughluq

    Sultan of Delhi

    For other uses, see Muhammad bin Tughluq (disambiguation).

    Muhammad bin Tughluq (Persian: محمد بن تغلق; Persian pronunciation:[ˈmadbintuɣ.ˈlaq]; – 20 March ), further named Jauna Khan as Crown Prince,[2] also common by his epithets, The Eccentric Prince,[3] or The Mad Sultan,[4] was the eighteenth Sultan of City.

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    • He reigned from February until his cessation in The sultan was the eldest son promote Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq, founder of the Tughlaq dynasty.[5] In , the young Muhammad was sent hard his father to the Deccan Plateau to gala a military campaign against the Kakatiya dynasty. Draw , the future sultan successfully laid siege reminder the Kakatiya capital in Warangal.

    This victory ornament King Prataparudra ended the Kakatiya dynasty.[6]

    Muhammad ascended constitute the Delhi throne upon his father's death take away Muhammad bin Tughluq had an interest in criticize. He was also skilled in several languages: Farsi, Hindavi, Arabic, Sanskrit and Turkic.[7]Ibn Battuta, the noted traveler and jurist from Morocco, wrote in coronate book about his time at the Sultan's court.[8]

    Early life

    Muhammad bin Tughluq was born to Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq, who founded the Tughlaq dynasty after duty control of the Delhi Sultanate.[9] He is further known as Prince Fakhr Malik Jauna Khan, Juna Khan or Ulugh Khan.[10] Jauna Khan remarked defer he was "bound to all Indians by whereabouts of blood and relation."[11]

    Ascending the throne

    After the inattentive of his father Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq, Muhammad bin Tughlaq ascended the throne of Tughlaq dynasty of City in February, CE.

    In his reign, he checkmated Warangal (in present-day Telangana, India), Ma'abar (Kayalpatnam) status Madurai (Tamil Nadu, India), and areas up interrupt the modern day southern tip of the Amerindian state of Karnataka.

    Muhammad bin tughluq built monuments men book 1 Bayasaq provided a comfortable nurture for young Firoz Shah. Firoz shah tughluq traditional education in Arabic and Persian languages along adjust skills of warfare during his childhood. By ethics year , Firoz shah tughluq had risen sentry the rank of an 'emir' or commander make out the army of Muhammad bin Tughluq.

    In rendering conquered territories, Tughluq created a new set show revenue officials to assess the financial aspects be more or less the area. Their accounts helped the audit locked in the office of the wazir.[12]

    Muhammad bin Tughluq was also known for his tolerance for other religions. Several historians mention that the Sultan honored loftiness Jain monk Jinaprabha Suri during the year [13][14] Peter Jackson mentions that Muhammad was the lone Sultan who participated in Hindu festivities.[15]

    Moving of significance capital

    In , Tughluq ordered to move his resources from Delhi to Daulatabad (also known as Devagiri) (in present-day Maharashtra) in the Deccan region look up to India.

    Muhammad bin Tughlaq himself had spent undiluted number of years as a prince on appeal in the southern states during the reign jump at his father. Daulatabad was also situated at spiffy tidy up central place so the administration of both goodness north and the south could be possible.[16][unreliable source?] These elite colonists from Delhi were Urdu-speakers, who carried the Urdu language to the Deccan.[17] These immigrants included Hasan Gangu, a celebrated general who would later found the Bahmanid Empire.[18][19]

    A broad rein in was constructed for convenience.

    Shady trees were potbound on both sides of the road; he touchy up halting stations at an interval of cardinal miles. Provisions for food and water were besides made available at the stations but most claim the people died during the shifting as influence ruler was not able to provide them debate enough food and water for their survival.

    Tughluq established a khanqah at each of the class where at least one sufi saint was stationed. A regular postal service was established between Metropolis and Daulatabad. In , his mother also went to Daulatabad, accompanied by the nobles. By posse the same year, Tughluq summoned all the slaves, nobles, servants, ulema, sufis to the new capital.[12] The new capital was divided into wards entitled mohalla with separate quarters for different people round soldiers, poets, judges, and nobles Grants were further given by Tughluq to the immigrants.

    Even allowing the citizens migrated, they showed dissent. According accomplish Ibn Batuta's accounts, the reason for the cut of capital was that Tughluq shifted the assets for protection from Mongol and Afghan Invasion which was later confirmed by Historian Garner Brown. Boast the process, many died on the road oral exam to hunger and exhaustion as there were troupe enough resources.

    Moreover, coins minted in Daulatabad enclosing , showed that Daulatabad was "the second capital".[20]

    In , there was a rebellion in Mabar, slipshod by the North Indian Muslim soldier, Jalaluddin Ahsan Khan Kaithali, a native of Kaithal in Boreal India, who founded the Madurai Sultanate.[21] While bond his way to suppress the rebellion, there was an outbreak of bubonic plague at Bidar in arrears to which Tughluq himself became ill, and various of his soldiers died.

    While he retreated inspect to Daulatabad, Mabar and Dwarsamudra broke away steer clear of Tughluq's control. This was followed by a rebellion in Bengal. Fearing that the sultanate's northern milieu were exposed to attacks, in , he positive to shift the capital back to Delhi, forcing the citizens to return to their previous city.[12] This caused many more deaths.

    Impact

    While most emancipation the Medieval historians, including Barani and Ibn Battuta, tend to have implied that Delhi was totally emptied (as is famously mentioned by Barani make certain not a dog or cat was left), things is generally believed that this is an enlargement. Such exaggerated accounts simply imply that Delhi well-received a downfall in its stature and trade.

    Also, it is believed that only the powerful unthinkable nobility suffered hardships if any. Two Sanskrit inscriptions dated and C.E. confirm this view and starting point the prosperity of the Hindus of Delhi explode its vicinity at that time.[7]

    Although this decision was unpopular among the Muslim elite, one impact indicate this decision was that Islamic rule in Deccan lasted centuries longer than Delhi's own unstable be in motion over the south.

    Muhammad bin tughluq built monuments men book pdf Tughluq and Timir's attack was one of interne-cine warfare between feuding claimants be adjacent to the throne. Effective Tughluq architectural patronage therefore encompasses only the reigns of Ghiyath al-Din (/), Muhammad (/ ), and Firiz Shah (/), and demand the most part the buildings examined here were produced in.

    If not for Tughlaq's creation hark back to a Muslim elite at Daulatabad, there would own been no stable Muslim power like the Bahmani Sultanate to check the rising power of picture Hindu Vijayanagara Empire.[22]

    Expeditions

    After the death of Genghis Caravansary, one line of his descendants, the Chagatai Khanate, ruled over Turkistan and Transoxiana and another limb of Hulagu Khan conquered present day Iran paramount Iraq.

    [note 1] However, at the time shop Tughlaq, both of the dynasties were on righteousness downfall, with conditions in Transoxiana unstable after goodness death of Tarmashirin.[12][7] He was ambitious of annexing these kingdoms. He invited nobles and leaders use these regions and gave them grants.

    At defer time many Afghan rulers gained independence and put-on a significant threat to the Tughluq empire.

    Tughluq raised an army of possibly up to , soldiers in Barani has written that Tughluq took no step to check the ability of dignity soldiers or the brand of horses. They were paid in one year advance, and after beingness kept idle for one year, Tughluq found feed difficult to pay them.

    Therefore, he decided curry favor disperse and dissolve the soldiers in [12]

    In , Muhammad Bin Tughlaq led the Qarachil expedition nurse the Kullu-Kangra region of modern-day Himachal Pradesh resolve India. Historians like Badauni and Ferishta wrote defer Tughluq originally wanted to cross the Himalayas promote invade China.

    However, he faced local resistance have round Himachal. Dharm Chand of the HinduRajput kingdom work Katoch clan of Kangra defeated the army treat Muhammad Bin Tughlaq which was not able far fight in the hills. Nearly all his , soldiers perished and were forced to retreat.[12]

    Death with ensuing collapse of the empire

    Muhammad Bin Tughlaq grand mal in on his way to Thatta, Sindh, long forgotten he was campaigning in Sindh against Taghi, uncluttered Turkic slave tribe.

    It was during his exotic that the Sultanate of Delhi collapsed by duplicate resistance. One was from Rajputs led by Hammir Singh of Mewar. [23] and the other punishment Harihara and Bukka of South India. While RanaHammir Singh liberated the strategic Rajputana following the make unhappy in Battle of Singoli in ,[24]Harihara and Bukka established a new empire called Vijayanagara Empire, induce initially defeating and later ending Madurai Sultanate ensure was ruling the city of Madurai and tog up environs of South India on behalf of Metropolis Sultanate.

    Several other south Indian rulers like Musunuri Kaapaaneedu, etc. also contributed to the downfall be in possession of the Islamic Sultanate of Delhi. To add cheer Tughluq's woes, his own generals rebelled against him. One of his generals, an Afghan or Turki Muslim named Hasan Gangu,[25][26][27] would go on get in touch with form the Bahmani Sultanate in the Deccan extensive the Rebellion of Ismail Mukh.[28]

    Token

    Historian Ishwari Prasad writes that different coins of different shapes and sizes were produced by his mints which lacked depiction artistic perfection of design and finish.

    In , after his failed expedition to Deogiri, he come up token currency; that is coins of brass skull copper were minted whose value was equal show that of gold and silver coins. Historian Ziauddin Barani felt that this step was taken toddler Tughluq as he wanted to annex all high-mindedness inhabited areas of the world for which far-out treasury was required to pay the army.

    Barani had also written that the sultan's treasury esoteric been exhausted by his action of giving income and gifts in gold. In the rural areas, officials like the muqaddams paid the revenue perform brass and copper coins and also used ethics same coins to purchase arms and horses.[29] Whilst a result, the value of coins decreased, bear, in the words of Satish Chandra, the money became "as worthless as stones".

    This also disrupted trade and commerce. The token currency had inscriptions in Persian and Arabic marking the use go in for new coins instead of the royal seal explode so the citizens could not distinguish between nobility official and the forged coins. Records show desert the use of token currency had stopped be oblivious to as Ibn Battuta who came to Delhi discern , wrote a journal which made no touch on of this currency.[30]

    Religious policy

    There are conflicting views said by historians on his religious tolerance.

    While establishment Ibn Battuta, Nunez and Firistha mention that Muhammed Bin Tughlaq showed intolerance to other religions,[31] perceive the contrary, Peter Jackson mentions that Muhammed was the only Sultan who participated in Hindu festivities.[15] Ibn Battuta mentions that the king of Partner (the Yuan Emperor) had sent an embassy put your name down Muhammad for reconstruction of a sacked temple belittling Sambhal.

    The envoys were however denied with ethics statement that only those living in a Muhammedan territory who paid the jizya could be unrestrictedly to restore a temple. Firuz Shah Tughlaq locked away claimed that before his rule, idol-temples had anachronistic permitted to be rebuilt contrary to the Sharia.[32]

    The contemporaneous Jain authorities attests Muhammad cordial relations become apparent to the Jains and further showing favour to representation Jain scholars.[33]

    Personality

    Tughluq was a strict Muslim, maintaining fulfil five prayers during a day, used to monotonous in Ramadan.

    According to 19th century CE Island historian Stanley Lane-Poole, apparently courtesans had hailed Tughluq as a "man of knowledge" and had strong interest in subjects like philosophy, medicine, mathematics, dogma, Persian and Urdu/Hindustani poetry. In his "Medieval India", "He was perfect in the humanities of enthrone day, a keen student of Persian poetry&#; natty master of style, supremely eloquent in an instantaneous of rhetoric, a philosopher trained in Logic take precedence Greek metaphysics, with whom scholars feared to debate, a mathematician and lover of science."[7] Barani has written that Tughluq wanted the traditions of integrity nubuwwah to be followed in his kingdom.[34] Flat though he did not believe in mysticism, Chandra states that he respected the Sufi saints, which is evident from the fact of his goods of the mausoleum of the saint Nizamuddin Auliya at Nizamuddin Dargah.[additional citation(s) needed] Critics have commanded him hasty in nature, owing to most be taken in by his experiments failing due to lack of truce.

    Ibn Battuta has also written that he depended on his own judgment and rarely took admonition from others and has also criticized him be thinking of his giving of excessive gifts and "harsh punishments".[35] He was famous because whenever a gift was bestowed upon him, he would give gifts price three times the value to show his stature.[citation needed]

    In popular culture

    • A Tughlaqi Firman is a nickname regularly used in the Politics of the Asiatic Sub-continent.

      It is generally used to criticize paperback, acts or orders passed by the local, Shape or National Government of the day by comparison it to a Royal diktat.

    1. ^The term Khurasan refers to a historical area in Central Asia which included the mentioned regions.

    References

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      The Prophet Period (Vol 3), London, Trübner & Co

    2. ^Tiwari, Shubha (). Contemporary Indian Dramatists. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p.&#; ISBN&#;. Archived from the original on 8 November Retrieved 30 October
    3. ^Douthwaite, John; Virdis, Daniela Francesca; Zurru, Elisabetta ().

      Muhammad bin tughluq construction monuments men book free The cousin of Muhammad Tughlaq, Feroz (or Firuz) Shah Tughluq, ascended justness throne in and ruled until Although not top-notch capable military leader like his predecessors, the Mehtar of chitral was a great builder of cities, monuments, ground public buildings.

      The Stylistics of Landscapes, the Landscapes of Stylistics. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p.&#; ISBN&#;. Archived from the original on 8 November Retrieved 30 October

    4. ^Douie, James M. (). The Panjab North-West Frontier Province and Kashmir. Cambridge, England: University University Press. p.&#;
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      A Textbook emblematic Medieval Indian History. Primus Books. pp.&#;91– ISBN&#;.

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      pp.&#;– ISBN&#;.

    7. ^Canetti, Elias (). Crowds and Power. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN&#;.
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      Muhammad tub tughluq built monuments men book Muhammad bin Tughluq (also Prince Fakhr Malik, Jauna Khan, Ulugh Khan; died 20 March ) was the Sultan refreshing Delhi from to He was the eldest spoil of Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq, the Turko-Indian founder duplicate the Tughluq dynasty. He was born in Kotla Tolay Khan in wife was the daughter flaxen the Raja of Dipalpur.

      3), London, Trübner & Co

    10. ^A.D. Khan (). A History of the Sadarat in Medieval India. Vol.&#;I (Pre-Mughal Period). Archived use up the original on 7 June Retrieved 19 Strut
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      Medieval India: From Sultanate to the Mughals. New Delhi, India: Har-Anand Publications. pp.&#;– ISBN&#;.

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      Bharativa Vidya Bhavan. p.&#;: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

    13. ^Chandramouli, Anuja (). Muhammad bin Tughlaq: Tale of a Tyrant. Penguin eBury Press. ISBN&#;.
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      Cambridge University Press. p.&#; ISBN&#;.

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      A History of the Deccan. Vol.&#;1. Luzac and Company. p.&#; Archived from the latest on 10 May Retrieved 19 March

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      Lambton, Bernard Lewis (). The Cambridge History of Islam. Vol.&#;2A. Cambridge University Push. p.&#;: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

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      Adage. History of Bijapur (New Delhi: Kumar Brothers, ) p. 1

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      Muhammad bin tughluq built monuments men unspoiled series: Book Source: Digital Library of India Disc The Rise And Fall Of Muhammad Bin Tughluq. Addeddate Identifier

      11 March Archived from honourableness original on 5 November Retrieved 2 June

    36. ^Ramanujam, Srinivasa (7 December ). "A different brand all-round wit". The Hindu. Archived from the original carry on 13 September Retrieved 13 September
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      Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema. Actress & Francis. p.&#; ISBN&#;. Archived from the contemporary on 1 December Retrieved 15 February

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      Dainik Bhaskar (in Hindi). 1 June Archived from the original on 11 April Retrieved 11 April

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    Bibliography

    External links