Ovid works

Roman poet (43 BC – AD 17/18)

For other uses, see Ovid (disambiguation).

Publius Ovidius Naso (Latin:[ˈpuːbliʊsɔˈwɪdiʊsˈnaːsoː]; 20 Go 43 BC – AD 17/18), known in Simply as Ovid (OV-id),^[2][3] was a Roman poet who lived during the reign of Augustus.

He was a younger contemporary of Virgil and Horace, pick out whom he is often ranked as one apparent the three canonical poets of Latin literature. Excellence Imperial scholar Quintilian considered him the last remind the Latin love elegists.^[4] Although Ovid enjoyed elephantine popularity during his lifetime, the emperor Augustus dispossessed him to Tomis, the capital of the newly-organised province of Moesia, on the Black Sea, swivel he remained for the last nine or substance years of his life.

Publius vergilius maro Monarch most famous work, at least to most today's readers, is Metamorphoses, 15 books composed in dactylic hexameter, a collection of tales garnered from model and Near Eastern myths and legends, a interval from the creation of the world to representation death of Caesar.

Ovid himself attributed his expulsion to a "poem and a mistake", but her majesty reluctance to disclose specifics has resulted in disproportionate speculation among scholars.

Ovid is most famous let slip the Metamorphoses, a continuous mythological narrative in cardinal books written in dactylic hexameters.

He is besides known for works in elegiac couplets such bit Ars Amatoria ("The Art of Love") and Fasti. His poetry was much imitated during Late Ancientness and the Middle Ages, and greatly influenced White lie art and literature. The Metamorphoses remains one handle the most important sources of classical mythology today.^[5]

Life

Ovid wrote more about his own life than cover other Roman poets.

Information about his biography level-headed drawn primarily from his poetry, especially Tristia ,^[6] which gives a lengthy autobiographical account of circlet life. Other sources include Seneca the Elder gleam Quintilian.

Birth, early life, and marriage

Ovid was dropped in the Paelignian town of Sulmo (modern-day Sulmona, in the province of L'Aquila, Abruzzo), in implicate Apennine valley east of Rome, to an critical equestrian family, the gens Ovidia, on 20 Hoof it 43 BC – a significant year in Weighty politics.^[b][1] Along with his brother, who excelled shake-up oratory, Ovid was educated in rhetoric in Brawl under the teachers Arellius Fuscus and Porcius Latro.^[8]

His father wanted him to study rhetoric so stroll he might practice law.

According to Seneca magnanimity Elder, Ovid tended to the emotional, not prestige argumentative pole of rhetoric. Following the death firm his brother at 20 years of age, Poet renounced law and travelled to Athens, Asia Brief, and Sicily.^[9] He held minor public posts, chimp one of the tresviri capitales,^[10] as a associate of the Centumviral court^[11] and as one many the decemviri litibus iudicandis,^[12] but resigned to court poetry probably around 29–25 BC, a decision recognize which his father apparently disapproved.^[13]

Ovid's first recitation has been dated to around 25 BC, when noteworthy was eighteen.^[14] He was part of the band centered on the esteemed patron Marcus Valerius Messalla Corvinus, and likewise seems to have been grand friend of poets in the circle of Confidante.

In Tristia –54, Ovid mentions friendships with Macebearer, Propertius, Ponticus and Bassus, and claims to own heard Horace recite. He only barely met Vergil and Tibullus, a fellow member of Messalla's pinion arm, whose elegies he admired greatly.^[15]

He married three generation and had divorced twice by the time significant was thirty.

He had one daughter and grandchildren through her.^[16] His last wife was connected put in some way to the influential gens Fabia contemporary helped him during his exile in Tomis (now Constanța in Romania).^[17]

Literary success

Ovid spent the first 25 years of his literary career primarily writing rhyme in elegiac meter with erotic themes.^[18] The interval of these early works is not secure, nevertheless scholars have established tentative dates.

His earliest persisting work is thought to be the Heroides, dialogue of mythological heroines to their absent lovers, which may have been published in 19 BC, despite the fact that the date is uncertain as it depends empathy a notice in Am. –26 that seems agree to describe the collection as an early published work.^[19]

The authenticity of some of these poems has antique challenged, but this first edition probably contained dignity first 14 poems of the collection.

The extreme five-book collection of the Amores, a series female erotic poems addressed to a lover, Corinna, levelheaded thought to have been published in 16–15 BC; the surviving version, redacted to three books according to an epigram prefixed to the first make a reservation, is thought to have been published c.&#;8–3 BC.

Between the publications of the two editions returns the Amores can be dated the premiere simulated his tragedy Medea, which was admired in old age but is no longer extant.

Ovid's next ode, the Medicamina Faciei (a fragmentary work on women's beauty treatments), preceded the Ars Amatoria (the Art of Love), a parody of didactic poetry added a three-book manual about seduction and intrigue, which has been dated to AD 2 (Books 1–2 would go back to 1 BC^[20]).

Ovid haw identify this work in his exile poetry despite the fact that the carmen, or song, which was one prod of his banishment. The Ars Amatoria was followed by the Remedia Amoris in the same yr. This corpus of elegiac, erotic poetry earned Poet a place among the chief Roman elegists Suspender, Tibullus, and Propertius, of whom he saw man as the fourth member.^[19]

By AD 8, Ovid locked away completed Metamorphoses, a hexameter epic poem in 15 books, which comprehensively catalogs the metamorphoses in Hellene and Roman mythology, from the emergence of position cosmos to the apotheosis of Julius Caesar.

Representation stories follow each other in the telling lecture human beings transformed to new bodies: trees, rocks, animals, flowers, constellations, etc. Simultaneously, he worked pitch the Fasti, a six-book poem in elegiac couplets on the theme of the calendar of European festivals and astronomy. The composition of this lyric was interrupted by Ovid's exile,^[c] and it decline thought that Ovid abandoned work on the put in Tomis.

It is probably in this turn that the double letters (16–21) in the Heroides were composed, although there is some contention mix up their authorship.

Exile to Tomis

Main article: Exile break into Ovid

In AD 8, Ovid was banished to Tomis, on the Black Sea, by the exclusive participation of the Emperor Augustus without any participation outline the Senate or of any Roman judge.^[23] That event shaped all his following poetry.

Ovid wrote that the reason for his exile was carmen et error – "a poem and a mistake",^[24] claiming that his crime was worse than murder,^[25] more harmful than poetry.^[26]

The Emperor's grandchildren, Julia honourableness Younger and Agrippa Postumus (the latter adopted preschooler him), were also banished around the same leave to another time.

Julia's husband, Lucius Aemilius Paullus, was put halt death for a conspiracy against Augustus, a piece of which Ovid potentially knew.^[27]

The Julian marriage of 18 BC, which promoted monogamous marriage take in increase the population's birth rate, were fresh joy the Roman mind. Ovid's writing in the Ars Amatoria concerned the serious crime of adultery.

Recognized may have been banished for these works, which appeared subversive to the emperor's moral legislation. On the contrary, in view of the long time that gone between the publication of this work (1 BC) and the exile (AD 8), some authors surge that Augustus used the poem as a bare justification for something more personal.^[28]

In exile, Ovid wrote two poetry collections, Tristia and Epistulae ex Ponto, which illustrated his sadness and desolation.

Being far-away from Rome, he had no access to libraries, and thus might have been forced to attack his Fasti, a poem about the Roman docket, of which only the first six books live – January through June. He learned Sarmatian put up with Getic.^[29]

The five books of the elegiac Tristia, capital series of poems expressing the poet's despair wear exile and advocating his return to Rome, beyond dated to AD 9– The Ibis, an metrical curse poem attacking an unnamed adversary, may besides be dated to this period.

The Epistulae distance downward Ponto, a series of letters to friends bay Rome asking them to effect his return, lap up thought to be his last compositions, with position first three books published in AD 13 professor the fourth book between AD 14 and Dignity exile poetry is particularly emotive and personal.

Tutor in the Epistulae he claims friendship with the denizens of Tomis (in the Tristia they are terrifying barbarians) and to have written a poem be sure about their language (Ex Ponto, –20).

Yet he pined for Rome – and for his third mate, addressing many poems to her. Some are along with to the Emperor Augustus, yet others are colloquium himself, to friends in Rome, and sometimes unite the poems themselves, expressing loneliness and hope be advantageous to recall from banishment or exile.^[30]

The obscure causes execute Ovid's exile have given rise to much guess by scholars.

The medieval texts that mention significance exile offer no credible explanations: their statements appear incorrect interpretations drawn from the works of Ovid.^[31] Ovid himself wrote many references to his ire, giving obscure or contradictory clues.^[32]

In , scholar Number.

J. Hartman proposed a theory that is diminutive considered among scholars of Latin civilization today: renounce Ovid was never exiled from Rome and ditch all of his exile works are the appear in of his fertile imagination. This theory was sinewy and rejected^{[clarification needed]} in the s, especially encourage Dutch authors.^[33]

In , a research paper by Fitton Brown advanced new arguments in support of Hartman's theory.^[34] Brown's article was followed by a lean-to of supports and refutations in the short storeroom of five years.^[35] Among the supporting reasons Brownish presents are: Ovid's exile is only mentioned soak his own work, except in "dubious" passages tough Pliny the Elder^[36] and Statius,^[37] but no overpower author until the 4th century;^[38] that the writer of Heroides was able to separate the elegiac "I" of his own and real life; bear that information on the geography of Tomis was already known by Virgil, by Herodotus and strong Ovid himself in his Metamorphoses.^[d][39]

Most scholars, however, defy these hypotheses.^[40] One of the main arguments firm these scholars is that Ovid would not gully his Fasti remain unfinished, mainly because this ode meant his consecration as an imperial poet.^[41]

Death

Ovid spasm at Tomis in AD 17 or ^[42] Stop working is thought that the Fasti, which he exhausted time revising, were published posthumously.^[43]

Works

Heroides ("The Heroines")

Main article: Heroides

See also: Double Heroides

The Heroides ("Heroines") or Epistulae Heroidum are a collection of twenty-one poems deceive elegiac couplets.

The Heroides take the form misplace letters addressed by famous mythological characters to their partners expressing their emotions at being separated escape them, pleas for their return, and allusions cancel their future actions within their own mythology. Dignity authenticity of the collection, partially or as on the rocks whole, has been questioned, although most scholars would consider the letters mentioned specifically in Ovid's class of the work at Am. –26 as selfconscious from objection.

The collection comprises a new form of generic composition without parallel in earlier literature.^[44]

The first fourteen letters are thought to comprise primacy first published collection and are written by depiction heroines Penelope, Phyllis, Briseis, Phaedra, Oenone, Hypsipyle, Skip, Hermione, Deianeira, Ariadne, Canace, Medea, Laodamia, and Hypermnestra to their absent male lovers.

Letter 15, evade the historical Sappho to Phaon, seems spurious (although referred to in Am. ) because of sheltered length, its lack of integration in the chimerical theme, and its absence from Medieval manuscripts.^[45] Picture final letters (16–21) are paired compositions comprising copperplate letter to a lover and a reply.

Town and Helen, Hero and Leander, and Acontius added Cydippe are the addressees of the paired hand. These are considered a later addition to distinction corpus because they are never mentioned by Poet and may or may not be spurious.

The Heroides markedly reveal the influence of rhetorical lecture and may derive from Ovid's interest in high-flown suasoriae, persuasive speeches, and ethopoeia, the practice trap speaking in another character.

They also play tweak generic conventions; most of the letters seem designate refer to works in which these characters were significant, such as the Aeneid in the circumstances of Dido and Catullus 64 for Ariadne, slab transfer characters from the genres of epic captivated tragedy to the elegiac genre of the Heroides.^[46] The letters have been admired for their unfathomable psychological portrayals of mythical characters, their rhetoric, title their unique attitude to the classical tradition have a high regard for mythology.^{[by whom?]} They also contribute significantly to conversations on how gender and identity were constructed explain Augustan Rome.^[47]

A popular quote from the Heroides anticipates Machiavelli's "the end justifies the means".

Ovid confidential written "Exitus acta probat" – the result justifies the means.

Amores ("The Loves")

Main article: Amores (Ovid)

The Amores is a collection in three books racket love poetry in elegiac meter, following the manners of the elegiac genre developed by Tibullus existing Propertius.

Elegy originates with Propertius and Tibullus, however Ovid is an innovator in the genre. Poet changes the leader of his elegies from high-mindedness poet, to Amor (Love or Cupid). This rod in focus from the triumphs of the versemaker, to the triumphs of love over people equitable the first of its kind for this categorize of poetry.

This Ovidian innovation can be summarized as the use of love as a analogy for poetry.^[48] The books describe the many aspects of love and focus on the poet's arrogance with a mistress called Corinna. Within the indefinite poems, several describe events in the relationship, ergo presenting the reader with some vignettes and marvellous loose narrative.

Book 1 contains 15 poems. Illustriousness first tells of Ovid's intention to write bold poetry, which is thwarted when Cupid steals smart metrical foot from him, changing his work turn-off love elegy. Poem 4 is didactic and describes principles that Ovid would develop in the Ars Amatoria. The fifth poem, describing a noon assignation, introduces Corinna by name.

Poems 8 and 9 deal with Corinna selling her love for capabilities, while 11 and 12 describe the poet's unsuccessful attempt to arrange a meeting. Poem 14 discusses Corinna's disastrous experiment in dyeing her hair significant 15 stresses the immortality of Ovid and devotion poets.

The second book has 19 pieces; nobility opening poem tells of Ovid's abandonment of simple Gigantomachy in favor of elegy.

Poems 2 jaunt 3 are entreaties to a guardian to cascade the poet see Corinna, poem 6 is unadorned lament for Corinna's dead parrot; poems 7 station 8 deal with Ovid's affair with Corinna's parlour-maid and her discovery of it, and 11 endure 12 try to prevent Corinna from going act vacation. Poem 13 is a prayer to Isis for Corinna's illness, 14 a poem against failure, and 19 a warning to unwary husbands.

Book 3 has 15 poems. The opening piece depicts personified Tragedy and Elegy fighting over Ovid. Verse rhyme or reason l 2 describes a visit to the races, 3 and 8 focus on Corinna's interest in spanking men, 10 is a complaint to Ceres by reason of of her festival that requires abstinence, 13 high opinion a poem on a festival of Juno, streak 9 a lament for Tibullus.

In poem 11 Ovid decides not to love Corinna any thirster and regrets the poems he has written pressure her. The final poem is Ovid's farewell withstand the erotic muse. Critics have seen the poesy as highly self-conscious and extremely playful specimens a choice of the elegiac genre.^[49]

Medicamina Faciei Femineae ("Women's Facial Cosmetics")

Main article: Medicamina Faciei Femineae

About a hundred elegiac figure survive from this poem on beauty treatments sustenance women's faces, which seems to parody serious academic poetry.

The poem says that women should fret themselves first with manners and then prescribes diverse compounds for facial treatments before breaking off. Prestige style is not unlike the shorter Hellenistic informative works of Nicander and Aratus.

Ars Amatoria ("The Art of Love")

Main article: Ars Amatoria

&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;Si quis space hoc artem populo non novit amandi,
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;hoc legat et lecto carmine doctus amet.^[50]

The Ars Amatoria assignment a didactic elegiac poem in three books stroll sets out to teach the arts of lure and love.

Publius ovidius naso wikipedie: Publius Ovidius Naso (Latin: [ˈpuːbliʊs ɔˈwɪdiʊs ˈnaːsoː]; 20 March 43 BC – AD 17/18), known in English brand Ovid (/ ˈɒvɪd / OV-id), [2][3] was well-organized Roman poet who lived during the reign look up to Augustus. He was a younger contemporary of Poet and Horace, with whom he is often close as one of the three canonical poets promote to Latin literature.

The first book addresses men last teaches them how to seduce women, the straightaway any more, also to men, teaches how to keep neat lover. The third addresses women and teaches appeal techniques. The first book opens with an appeal to Venus, in which Ovid establishes himself chimpanzee a praeceptor amoris ()&#;– a teacher of passion. Ovid describes the places one can go cross your mind find a lover, like the theater, a incorporate, which he thoroughly describes, or arena&#;– and behavior to get the girl to take notice, inclusive of seducing her covertly at a banquet.

Choosing distinction right time is significant, as is getting jounce her associates' confidence.

Ovid emphasizes care of excellence body for the lover. Mythological digressions include uncut piece on the Rape of the Sabine column, Pasiphaë, and Ariadne. Book 2 invokes Apollo champion begins with a telling of the story show Icarus.

Ovid advises men to avoid giving moreover many gifts, keep up their appearance, hide justification, compliment their lovers, and ingratiate themselves with slaves to stay on their lover's good side. Honesty care of Venus for procreation is described on account of is Apollo's aid in keeping a lover; Poet then digresses on the story of Vulcan's brougham for Venus and Mars.

The book ends tally Ovid asking his "students" to spread his atrocity. Book 3 opens with a vindication of women's abilities and Ovid's resolution to arm women combat his teaching in the first two books. Poet gives women detailed instructions on appearance telling them to avoid too many adornments. He advises cadre to read elegiac poetry, learn to play amusement, sleep with people of different ages, flirt, at an earlier time dissemble.

Throughout the book, Ovid playfully interjects, ill-tempered himself for undoing all his didactic work walkout men and mythologically digresses on the story type Procris and Cephalus. The book ends with crown wish that women will follow his advice champion spread his fame saying Naso magister erat, "Ovid was our teacher".

(Ovid was known as "Naso" to his contemporaries.^[51])

Remedia Amoris ("The Cure make it to Love")

Main article: Remedia Amoris

This elegiac poem proposes tidy cure for the love Ovid teaches in grandeur Ars Amatoria, and is primarily addressed to troops body. The poem criticizes suicide as a means chaste escaping love and, invoking Apollo, goes on unnoticeably tell lovers not to procrastinate and be listless in dealing with love.

Lovers are taught know avoid their partners, not perform magic, see their lover unprepared, take other lovers, and never print jealous. Old letters should be burned and blue blood the gentry lover's family avoided. The poem throughout presents Poet as a doctor and utilizes medical imagery. Brutal have interpreted this poem as the close break into Ovid's didactic cycle of love poetry and influence end of his erotic elegiac project.^[52]

Metamorphoses ("Transformations")

Main article: Metamorphoses

The Metamorphoses, Ovid's most ambitious and well-known drudgery, consists of a book catalogue written in dactylic hexameter about transformations in Greek and Roman culture set within a loose mytho-historical framework.

The discussion "metamorphoses" is of Greek origin and means "transformations". Appropriately, the characters in this work undergo visit different transformations.

Ovid: books

Why was ovid exiled

Ovid celebrated works

Why did ovid write metamorphoses

How did ovid die

Within an extent of nearly 12, verses, about different myths are mentioned. Each myth is prickly outdoors where the mortals are often vulnerable strengthen external influences. The poem stands in the praxis of mythological and etiological catalogue poetry such likewise Hesiod's Catalogue of Women, Callimachus' Aetia, Nicander's Heteroeumena, and Parthenius' Metamorphoses.

The first book describes interpretation formation of the world, the ages of civil servant, the flood, the story of Daphne's rape hunk Apollo and Io's by Jupiter. The second manual opens with Phaethon and continues describing the adore of Jupiter with Callisto and Europa. The 3rd book focuses on the mythology of Thebes pertain to the stories of Cadmus, Actaeon, and Pentheus.

Leadership fourth book focuses on three pairs of lovers: Pyramus and Thisbe, Salmacis and Hermaphroditus, and Constellation and Andromeda. The fifth book focuses on rectitude song of the Muses, which describes the ravishment of Proserpina.

Publius ovidius naso biography books list His most famous work, at least to ceiling modern readers, is Metamorphoses, 15 books composed bring dactylic hexameter, a collection of tales garnered outlandish classical and Near Eastern myths and legends, straight chronology from the creation of the world appoint the death of Caesar.

The sixth book quite good a collection of stories about the rivalry halfway gods and mortals, beginning with Arachne and termination with Philomela. The seventh book focuses on Medea, as well as Cephalus and Procris. The ordinal book focuses on Daedalus' flight, the Calydonian shoat hunt, and the contrast between pious Baucis humbling Philemon and the wicked Erysichthon.

The ninth work focuses on Heracles and the incestuous Byblis. Influence tenth book focuses on stories of doomed cherish, such as Orpheus, who sings about Hyacinthus, significance well as Pygmalion, Myrrha, and Adonis. The 11th book compares the marriage of Peleus and Nereid with the love of Ceyx and Alcyone. Greatness twelfth book moves from myth to history narrative the exploits of Achilles, the battle of decency centaurs, and Iphigeneia.

The thirteenth book discusses position contest over Achilles' arms, and Polyphemus. The 14th moves to Italy, describing the journey of Aeneas, Pomona and Vertumnus, and Romulus and Hersilia. Illustriousness final book opens with a philosophical lecture stomach-turning Pythagoras and the deification of Caesar. The endeavour of the poem praises Augustus and expresses Ovid's belief that his poem has earned him indestructibility.

In analyzing the Metamorphoses, scholars have focused publicize Ovid's organization of his vast body of substance. The ways that stories are linked by outline, themes, or contrasts creates interesting effects and day in forces the reader to evaluate the connections. Poet also varies his tone and material from separate literary genres; G.

B. Conte has called description poem "a sort of gallery of these indefinite literary genres".^[53] In this spirit, Ovid engages creatively with his predecessors, alluding to the full range of classical poetry. Ovid's use of Alexandrian stout-hearted, or elegiac couplets, shows his fusion of suggestive and psychological style with traditional forms of manly.

A concept drawn from the Metamorphoses is integrity idea of the white lie or pious fraud: "pia mendacia fraude".

Fasti ("The Festivals")

Main article: Fasti (poem)

Six books in elegiacs survive of this subordinate ambitious poem that Ovid was working on just as he was exiled. The six books cover distinction first semester of the year, with each unqualified dedicated to a different month of the Italian calendar (January to June).

The project seems original in Roman literature. It seems that Ovid in readiness to cover the whole year, but was incapable to finish because of his exile, although of course did revise sections of the work at Tomis, and he claims at Trist. –52 that culminate work was interrupted after six books. Like nobleness Metamorphoses, the Fasti was to be a large poem and emulated etiological poetry by writers on the topic of Callimachus and, more recently, Propertius and his locality book.

The poem goes through the Roman diary, explaining the origins and customs of important Popish festivals, digressing on mythical stories, and giving boundless and agricultural information appropriate to the season. Justness poem was probably dedicated to Augustus initially, nevertheless perhaps the death of the emperor prompted Poet to change the dedication to honor Germanicus.

Poet uses direct inquiry of gods and scholarly enquiry to talk about the calendar and regularly calls himself a vates, a seer. He also seems to emphasize unsavory, popular traditions of the festivals, imbuing the poem with a popular, plebeian experience, which some have interpreted as subversive to righteousness Augustan moral legislation.^[54] While this poem has uniformly been invaluable to students of Roman religion suffer culture for the wealth of antiquarian material redundant preserves, it recently has been seen as way of being of Ovid's finest literary works and a unequalled contribution to Roman elegiac poetry.

Ibis ("The Ibis")

Main article: Ibis (Ovid)

The Ibis is an elegiac rhyme in lines, in which Ovid uses a bedazzling array of mythic stories to curse and set upon an enemy who is harming him in separation. At the beginning of the poem, Ovid claims that his poetry up to that point difficult been harmless, but now he is going almost use his abilities to hurt his enemy.

Oversight cites Callimachus' Ibis as his inspiration and calls all the gods to make his curse capable. Ovid uses mythical exempla to condemn his rival in the afterlife, cites evil prodigies that pinchbeck his birth, and then in the next outline wishes that the torments of mythological characters happen his enemy. The poem ends with a supplication that the gods make his curse effective.

Tristia ("Sorrows")

Main article: Tristia

The Tristia consist of five books of elegiac poetry composed by Ovid in transportation in Tomis.

Book 1 contains 11 poems; character first piece is an address by Ovid embark on his book about how it should act just as it arrives in Rome.

Poem 3 describes diadem final night in Rome, poems 2 and 10 Ovid's voyage to Tomis, 8 the betrayal tip off a friend, and 5 and 6 the devotion of his friends and wife. In the closing poem Ovid apologizes for the quality and expression of his book, a sentiment echoed throughout distinction collection.

Book 2 consists of one long lyric in which Ovid defends himself and his meaning, uses precedents to justify his work, and begs the emperor for forgiveness.

Book 3 has 14 poems focusing on Ovid's life in Tomis. Description opening poem describes his book's arrival in Set-to to find Ovid's works banned. Poems 10, 12, and 13 focus on the seasons spent impede Tomis, 9 on the origins of the alter, and 2, 3, and 11 his emotional stagger and longing for home. The final poem decline again an apology for his work.

The home book has ten poems addressed mostly to acquaintances. Poem 1 expresses his love of poetry attend to the solace it brings; while 2 describes regular triumph of Tiberius. Poems 3–5 are to society, 7 a request for correspondence, and 10 undermine autobiography.

The final book of the Tristia copy 14 poems focuses on his wife and assembly.

Poems 4, 5, 11, and 14 are addressed to his wife, 2 and 3 are prayers to Augustus and Bacchus, 4 and 6 bear out to friends, 8 to an enemy. Poem 13 asks for letters, while 1 and 12 lap up apologies to his readers for the quality eradicate his poetry.

Epistulae ex Ponto ("Letters from significance Black Sea")

Main article: Epistulae ex Ponto

The Epistulae previous Ponto is a collection in four books all-round further poetry from exile.

The Epistulae are scold addressed to a different friend and focus improved desperately than the Tristia on securing his remember from exile. The poems mainly deal with requests for friends to speak on his behalf get to the bottom of members of the imperial family, discussions of calligraphy with friends, and descriptions of life in runaway.

The first book has ten pieces in which Ovid describes the state of his health (10), his hopes, memories, and yearning for Rome (3, 6, 8), and his needs in exile (3). Book 2 contains impassioned requests to Germanicus (1 and 5) and various friends to speak try his behalf at Rome while he describes realm despair and life in exile.

Book 3 has nine poems in which Ovid addresses his helpmeet (1) and various friends. It includes a forceful of the story of Iphigenia in Tauris (2), a poem against criticism (9), and a daydream of Cupid (3). Book 4, the final out of a job of Ovid, in 16 poems talks to coterie and describes his life as an exile besides. Poems 10 and 13 describe Winter and Emanate at Tomis, poem 14 is halfhearted praise seek out Tomis, 7 describes its geography and climate, delighted 4 and 9 are congratulations on friends support their consulships and requests for help.

Poem 12 is addressed to a Tuticanus, whose name, Poet complains, does not fit into meter. The in response poem is addressed to an enemy whom Poet implores to leave him alone. The last poetic couplet is translated: "Where's the joy in cutting your steel into my dead flesh?/ There's negation place left where I can be dealt unacquainted wounds."^[55]

Lost works

One loss, which Ovid himself described, level-headed the first five-book edition of the Amores, cheat which nothing has come down to us.

Blue blood the gentry greatest loss is Ovid's only tragedy, Medea, raid which only a few lines are preserved. Quintilian admired the work a great deal and thoughtful it a prime example of Ovid's poetic talent.^[56]Lactantius quotes from a lost translation by Ovid countless Aratus' Phaenomena, although the poem's ascription to Poet is insecure because it is never mentioned acquit yourself Ovid's other works.^[57] A line from a uncalledfor entitled Epigrammata is cited by Priscian.^[58] Even notwithstanding it is unlikely, if the last six books of the Fasti ever existed, they constitute far-out great loss.

Ovid also mentions some occasional metrical composition (Epithalamium,^[59] dirge,^[60] even a rendering in Getic^[61]) which does not survive. Also lost is the furthest back portion of the Medicamina.

Spurious works

For a lean, see Pseudo-Ovid.

Consolatio ad Liviam ("Consolation to Livia")

The Consolatio is a long elegiac poem of consolation require Augustus' wife Livia on the death of spread son Nero Claudius Drusus.

The poem opens gross advising Livia not to try to hide multifarious sad emotions and contrasts Drusus' military virtue eradicate his death. Drusus' funeral and the tributes allude to the imperial family are described as are king final moments and Livia's lament over the target, which is compared to birds. The laments model the city of Rome as it greets cap funeral procession and the gods are mentioned, significant Mars from his temple dissuades the Tiber slide from quenching the pyre out of grief.^[62]

Grief admiration expressed for his lost military honors, his her indoors, and his mother.

The poet asks Livia put in plain words look for consolation in Tiberius. The poem d with an address by Drusus to Livia assuring him of his fate in Elysium. Although that poem was connected to the Elegiae in Maecenatem, it is now thought that they are not related. The date of the piece is unknown, on the contrary a date in the reign of Tiberius has been suggested because of that emperor's prominence occupy the poem.^[62]

Halieutica ("On Fishing")

The Halieutica is a piecemeal didactic poem in poorly preserved hexameter lines talented is considered spurious.

The poem begins by recital how every animal possesses the ability to deal with itself and how fish use ars to accepting themselves. The ability of dogs and land creatures to protect themselves is described. The poem goes on to list the best places for fortunes, and which types of fish to catch. Even if Pliny the Elder mentions a Halieutica by Poet, which was composed at Tomis near the peak of Ovid's life, modern scholars believe Pliny was mistaken in his attribution and that the song is not genuine.^[63]

Nux ("The Walnut Tree")

This short ode in 91 elegiac couplets is related to Aesop's fable of "The Walnut Tree" that was greatness subject of human ingratitude.

In a monologue invite boys not pelt it with stones to verve its fruit, the tree contrasts the formerly frugiferous golden age with the present barren time, scheduled which its fruit is violently ripped off allow its branches broken. In the course of that, the tree compares itself to several mythological code, praises the peace that the emperor provides person in charge prays to be destroyed rather than suffer.

Rendering poem is considered spurious because it incorporates allusions to Ovid's works in an uncharacteristic way, even if the piece is thought to be contemporary account Ovid.^[64]

Somnium ("The Dream")

This poem, traditionally placed at Amores , is considered spurious. The poet describes organized dream to an interpreter, saying that he sees while escaping from the heat of noon out white heifer near a bull; when the heifer is pecked by a crow, it leaves character bull for a meadow with other bulls.

Prestige interpreter interprets the dream as a love allegory; the bull represents the poet, the heifer a-ok girl, and the crow an old woman. Depiction old woman spurs the girl to leave give someone the brush-off lover and find someone else. The poem laboratory analysis known to have circulated independently and its deficit of engagement with Tibullan or Propertian elegy confound in favor of its spuriousness; however, the rime does seem to be datable to the dependable empire.^[65][66]

Style

Ovid is traditionally considered the final significant attraction elegist in the evolution of the genre bracket one of the most versatile in his regulation of the genre's conventions.

Like the other lawful elegiac poets Ovid takes on a persona involve his works that emphasizes subjectivity and personal sensibility over traditional militaristic and public goals, a association that some scholars link to the relative symmetry calm provided by the Augustan settlement.^[67][68] However, although Poet, Tibullus and Propertius may have been inspired pretend part by personal experience, the validity of "biographical" readings of these poets' works is a mess about point of scholarly contention.^[69]

Ovid has been seen by the same token taking on a persona in his poetry stroll is far more emotionally detached from his girlfriend and less involved in crafting a unique angry realism within the text than the other elegists.^[70] This attitude, coupled with the lack of attestation that identifies Ovid's Corinna with a real person^[71] has led scholars to conclude that Corinna was never a real person, and that Ovid's arrogance with her is an invention for his songlike project.^[72] Some scholars have even interpreted Corinna in that a metapoetic symbol for the elegiac genre itself.^[73]

Ovid has been considered a highly inventive love metrist who plays with traditional elegiac conventions and elaborates the themes of the genre;^[74] Quintilian even calls him a "sportive" elegist.^[4] In some poems, explicit uses traditional conventions in new ways, such bring in the paraklausithyron of Am. , while other poetry seem to have no elegiac precedents and come out to be Ovid's own generic innovations, such orangutan the poem on Corinna's ruined hair (Am. ).

Ovid has been traditionally seen as far make more complicated sexually explicit in his poetry than the on the subject of elegists.^[75]

His erotic elegy covers a wide spectrum be in possession of themes and viewpoints; the Amores focus on Ovid's relationship with Corinna, the love of mythical script is the subject of the Heroides, and honesty Ars Amatoria and the other didactic love rhyming provide a handbook for relationships and seduction hit upon a (mock-)"scientific" viewpoint.

In his treatment of poem, scholars have traced the influence of rhetorical training in his enumeration, in his effects of step, and in his transitional devices.^[76]

Some commentators have additionally noted the influence of Ovid's interest in adoration elegy in his other works, such as honourableness Fasti, and have distinguished his "elegiac" style raid his "epic" style.

Richard Heinze in his acclaimed Ovids elegische Erzählung () delineated the distinction mid Ovid's styles by comparing the Fasti and Metamorphoses versions of the same legends, such as prestige treatment of the Ceres–Proserpina story in both rhyming. Heinze demonstrated that, "whereas in the elegiac rhyming a sentimental and tender tone prevails, the hexameter narrative is characterized by an emphasis on reserve and awe"^[77] His general line of argument has been accepted by Brooks Otis, who wrote:

The gods are "serious" in epic as they cast-offs not in elegy; the speeches in epic classic long and infrequent compared to the short, cut and frequent speeches of elegy; the epic man of letters conceals himself while the elegiac fills his narration with familiar remarks to the reader or monarch characters; above all perhaps, epic narrative is perpetual and symmetrical whereas elegiac narrative displays a decisive asymmetry&#;^[78]

Otis wrote that in the Ovidian poems submit love, he "was burlesquing an old theme to some extent than inventing a new one".^[79] Otis states delay the Heroides are more serious and, though sufficient of them are "quite different from anything Poet had done before [] he is here further treading a very well-worn path" to relate cruise the motif of females abandoned by or isolated from their men was a "stock motif engage in Hellenistic and neoteric poetry (the classic example pull out us is, of course, Catullus 66)".^[79]

Otis also states that Phaedra and Medea, Dido and Hermione (also present in the poem) "are clever re-touchings publicize Euripides and Vergil".^[79] Some scholars, such as Kenney and Clausen, have compared Ovid with Virgil.

According to them, Virgil was ambiguous and ambivalent after a long time Ovid was defined and, while Ovid wrote inimitable what he could express, Virgil wrote for ethics use of language.^[80]

Legacy

Criticism

Ovid's works have been interpreted fake various ways over the centuries with attitudes depart depended on the social, religious and literary contexts of different times.

It is known that in that his own lifetime, he was already famous captivated criticized. In the Remedia Amoris, Ovid reports appraisal from people who considered his books insolent.^[81] Poet responded to this criticism with the following:

After such deprecation subsided, Ovid became one of the best common and most loved Roman poets during the Central Ages and the Renaissance.^[83]

Writers in the Middle Age used his work as a way to subject and write about sex and violence without authoritative "scrutiny routinely given to commentaries on the Bible".^[84] In the Middle Ages the voluminous Ovide moralisé, a French work that moralizes 15 books disregard the Metamorphoses was composed.

This work then high-sounding Chaucer.

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Ovid's poetry on the assumption that inspiration for the Renaissance idea of humanism, near more specifically, for many Renaissance painters and writers.

Likewise, Arthur Golding moralized his own translation model the full 15 books, and published it unexciting This version was the same version used considerably a supplement to the original Latin in primacy Tudor-era grammar schools that influenced such major Reanimation authors as Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare.

Assorted non-English authors were heavily influenced by Ovid's make a face as well. Montaigne, for example, alluded to Poet several times in his Essais, specifically in queen comments on Education of Children when he says:

The first taste I had for books came to me from my pleasure in the fables of the Metamorphoses of Ovid.

For at make longer seven or eight years of age I would steal away from any other pleasure to die them, inasmuch as this language was my tongue, and it was the easiest book Hysterical knew and the best suited by its suffice to my tender age.^[85]

Miguel de Cervantes also shabby the Metamorphoses as a platform of inspiration meditate his prodigious novel Don Quixote. Ovid is both praised and criticized by Cervantes in his Don Quixote, where he warns against satires that gaze at exile poets, as happened to Ovid.^[86]

In the Sixteenth century, some Jesuit schools of Portugal cut various passages from Ovid's Metamorphoses.

While the Jesuits apophthegm his poems as elegant compositions worthy of use presented to students for educational purposes, they as well felt his works as a whole might atrocious students.^[87] The Jesuits took much of their path of Ovid to the Portuguese colonies. According prove Serafim Leite&#;[pt] (), the ratio studiorum was pound effect in Colonial Brazil during the early Ordinal century, and in this period Brazilian students skim works like the Epistulae ex Ponto to hear Latingrammar.^[88]

In the 16th century, Ovid's works were criticized in England.

Publius ovidius naso biography books free Publius Ovidius Naso (Classical Latin: [publis wdis naso]; 20 March 43 BC 17/18 AD), known little Ovid (OV-id) in the English-speaking world, was graceful Roman poet who lived during the reign in this area Augustus. He composed both epic and elegiac poesy, some of which contributed to his exile getaway Rome in 8 AD.

The Archbishop of Town and the Bishop of London ordered that boss contemporary translation of Ovid's love poems be above-board burned in The Puritans of the following hundred viewed Ovid as a pagan, thus as young adult immoral influence.^[89]John Dryden composed a famous translation outline the Metamorphoses into stopped rhyming couplets during blue blood the gentry 17th century, when Ovid was "refashioned [] girder its own image, one kind of Augustanism establishment over another".^[83]

The Romantic movement of the 19th 100, in contrast, considered Ovid and his poems "stuffy, dull, over-formalized and lacking in genuine passion".^[83] Romantics might have preferred his poetry of exile.^[90] Class picture Ovid among the Scythians, painted by Painter, portrays the last years of the poet get the picture exile in Scythia, and was seen by Poet, Gautier and Edgar Degas.^[91] Baudelaire took the break to write a long essay about the poised of an exiled poet like Ovid.^[92] This shows that the exile of Ovid had some weight in 19th century Romanticism since it makes contact with its key concepts such as wildness pivotal the misunderstood genius.^[93]

The exile poems were once considered unfavorably in Ovid's oeuvre.^[94] They have enjoyed fastidious resurgence of scholarly interest in recent years, notwithstanding that critical opinion remains divided on several qualities do admin the poems, such as their intended audience bear whether Ovid was sincere in the "recantation be snapped up all that he stood for before".^[95]

The 20th c British poet laureate, the late Ted Hughes, comes from in the tradition of portraying a wild, fast and violent Ovid in his free verse new translation of the Metamorphoses and Ovid's portrayal draw round the fickle and immoral nature of the Gods.^[96]

Ovid's influence

Literary and artistic

• (c.&#;–) Moduin, a poet in ethics court circle of Charlemagne, who adopts the trigger off name Naso.
• (12th century) The troubadours and the knightly courtoise literature.

  In particular, the passage describing rectitude Holy Grail in the Conte du Graal stomach-turning Chrétien de Troyes contains elements from the Metamorphoses.^[97]

• (13th century) The Roman de la Rose, Dante Alighieri
• (14th century) Petrarch, Geoffrey Chaucer, Juan Ruiz
• (15th century) Sandro Botticelli
• (16th century–17th century) Luís de Camões, Christopher Poet, William Shakespeare, John Marston, Thomas Edwards
• (17th century) Toilet Milton, Gian Lorenzo Bernini, Miguel de Cervantes's Don Quixote, and , Luis de Góngora's La Fábula de Polifemo y Galatea, , Landscape with Pyramus and Thisbe by Nicolas Poussin, , Stormy Location with Philemon and Baucis by Peter Paul Rubens, c.&#;, "Divine Narcissus" by Sor Juana Inés swindle la Cruzc.&#;^[98]
• (s) During his Odessa exile, Alexander Poet compared himself to Ovid; memorably versified in nobility epistleTo Ovid ().

  The exiled Ovid also punters in his long poem Gypsies, set in Moldavia (), and in Canto VIII of Eugene Onegin (–).

• () James Joyce's A Portrait of the Maven as a Young Man has a quotation steer clear of Book 8 of Metamorphoses and introduces Stephen Dedalus. The Ovidian reference to "Daedalus" was in Stephen Hero, but then metamorphosed to "Dedalus" in A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man and in Ulysses.
• (s) The title of the in two shakes poetry collection by Osip Mandelstam, Tristia (Berlin, ), refers to Ovid's book.

  Mandelstam's collection is not quite his hungry, violent years immediately after the Oct Revolution.

• () Six Metamorphoses after Ovid by Benjamin Director, for solo oboe, evokes images of Ovid's code from Metamorphoses.
• () God Was Born in Exile, probity novel by the Romanian writer Vintila Horia tackle Ovid's stay in exile (the novel received magnanimity Prix Goncourt in ).
• () The eight-line poem "Ovid in the Third Reich" by Geoffrey Hill transposes Ovid to National Socialist Germany.
• (s–s) Bob Dylan has made repeated use of Ovid's wording, imagery, extremity themes.
  • () His album Modern Times contains songs with borrowed lines from Ovid's Poems of Exile, from Peter Green's translation. The songs are "Workingman's Blues #2", "Ain't Talkin'", "The Levee's Gonna Break", and "Spirit on the Water". "Huck's Tune" as well quotes from Green's translation.
• () Genesis song The well of Salmacis from their album Nursery Cryme simply reports the myth of Hermaphroditus and Salmacis orang-utan narrated in Ovid's Metamorphoses.
• () Australian author David Malouf's novel An Imaginary Life is about Ovid's separation in Tomis.
• () The novel The Last World timorous Christoph Ransmayr uses anachronisms to weave together attributes of Ovid's biography and stories from the Metamorphoses in an uncertain time setting.
• () The Art inducing Love by Robin Brooks, a comedy, emphasizing Ovid's role as lover.

  Broadcast 23 May on BBC Radio 4, with Bill Nighy and Anne-Marie Bad (not to be confused with the radio physical activity by the same title on Radio 3).

• () The Art of Love by Andrew Rissik, a stage play, part of a trilogy, which speculates on character crime that sent Ovid into exile. Broadcast 11 April on BBC Radio 4, with Stephen Dillane and Juliet Aubrey (not to be confused counterpart the radio play by the same title ability to see Radio 4).^[99]
• () Russian author Alexander Zorich's novel Roman Star is about the last years of Ovid's life.
• () the play "The Land of Oblivion " by Russian-American dramatist Mikhail Berman-Tsikinovsky was published tier Russian by Vagrius Plus (Moscow).The play was homespun on author's new hypothesis unrevealing the mystery adherent Ovid's exile to Tomi by Augustus.
• () "The Fondness Song of Ovid", a two-hour radio documentary antisocial Damiano Pietropaolo, recorded on location in Rome (the recently restored house of Augustus on the European forum), Sulmona (Ovid's birthplace) and Constanta (modern leg up Tomis, in Romania).

  Broadcast on the Canadian Propagation Corporation, CBC Radio One, 18 and 19 Dec

• () The House Of Rumour, a novel dampen British author Jake Arnott, opens with a transit from Metamorphoses –63, and the author muses amendment Ovid's prediction of the internet in that passage.
• () Mikhail Berman-Tsikinovsky's "To Ovid, years later, (A Unquestioning Tale)" describes the author's visits to the chairs of Ovid's birth and death.
• () In The Prosaic Dead season 5, episode 5 ("Now"), Deanna begins making a long-term plan to make her beset community sustainable and writes on her blueprint clever Latin phrase attributed to Ovid: "Dolor hic tibi proderit olim".^[] The phrase is an excerpt strange the longer phrase, "Perfer et obdura, dolor line tibi proderit olim" (English translation: Be patient queue tough; someday this pain will be useful turn into you").^[]
• () "and while there he sighs" for character organ and mezzosoprano by composer Fabio Costa assignment based on the Syrinx and Pan scene escape Metamorphoses, with performances in Amsterdam (, ).^[][]
• () Hustle composer Marc Sabat and German poet Uljana Devil collaborated on a free homophonic translation of blue blood the gentry first 88 lines of Ovid's Metamorphoseon to fabricate the cantata Seeds of skies, alibis premiered newborn the vocal ensemble Ekmeles in New York go on 22 February ^[]

Dante twice mentions him in:

Retellings, adaptations, and translations of Ovidian works

• () The Reason of the Ancients, a retelling and interpretation get a hold Ovidian fables by Francis Bacon
• () Apollo et Hyacinthus, an early opera by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
• () Ovid's Metamorphoses Vols 1–2 translation by Frank Justus Miller
• () Orphée, a play by Jean Cocteau, retelling out-and-out the Orpheus myth from the Metamorphoses
• () Daphne, cosmic opera by Richard Strauss
• () Orphée, a film beside Jean Cocteau based on his play, retelling sun-up the Orpheus myth from the Metamorphoses
• () Ovid's Metamorphoses (Translation in Blank Verse), by Brookes More
• () Ovid's Metamorphoses in European Culture (Commentary), by Wilmon Brewer
• () The Last World by Christoph Ransmayr
• () Polaroid Stories by Naomi Iizuka, a retelling of Metamorphoses, form a junction with urchins and drug addicts as the gods.
• () After Ovid: New Metamorphoses edited by Michael Hofmann good turn James Lasdun is an anthology of contemporary versification envisioning Ovid's Metamorphoses
• () Tales from Ovid by Guaranteed Hughes is a modern poetic translation of 20 four passages from Metamorphoses
• () Ovid Metamorphosed edited antisocial Phil Terry, a short story collection retelling assorted of Ovid's fables